人工言語学事典記事：【LIM】

作者:

人工言語事典記事：【LIM】

2016/2/29 seren arbazard

カテゴリー：分類

あえてその人工言語にとって必要な分しか設定を持たない人工世界を持つ人工言語のこと。Limited-world language。分類タグは［LIM］。
〈作業階梯〉の順でconlangingを進めると、語彙の次に文化・風土・歴史の壁、すなわち「世界の壁」にぶつかる。しかしそもそも人工世界∋人工言語なので、ここでconworldingに注力すると、conlangerでなくconworlderになってしまう。conlangerがconlangerでいられなくなってしまうということだ。世界はとても定義しきれる大きさではないので、conworldingにはまるとconlangingが疎かになってしまうどころかそれだけで人生が終わってしまう。さらに現実世界に比べ、少人数の定義する世界はどうしても中途半端な質と量になるという問題もある。この（世界の沼）にはまらないためには、「あえてその人工言語に必要かそれ以上しか人工世界を作らない」という制約が必要である。conlangerがconlangerであり続けるためにLIMという分類は存在する。

人工言語事典記事：【世界の沼】

カテゴリー：現象

→（LIM）

人工言語学事典記事：【SHA】

作者:

2016/2/29 seren arbazard

カテゴリー：分類

作者やユーザーによって共有された価値観ないし設定に基づく背景世界を持つ人工言語のこと。Shared-Value Language。分類タグは［SHA］。
SHAでは異なる人々が異なる価値観を持っており、それらが互いにぶつかって不和にならないよう、第三者的なアプリオリな新たな価値観ないし設定が生まれる。このとき価値観同士がぶつかって混じり合ってピジン化した場合はアポステリオリなSHAとなる。新しく生まれた第三者的な価値観ないし設定は往々にしてやがて肉付けされ、具体的には「文化・風土・歴史」という人工世界になり、その人工世界はその人工言語の背景世界として働く。
たとえばアルカはアポステリオリなSHAからアプリオリなSHAになった言語である。

人工言語学事典記事：【偽性アプリオリ】

作者:

2015/1/14 seren arbazard

アポステリオリの要素を帯びたアプリオリのこと。アルカなど。
最初に設計されたときにアプリオリを指向しておらず、途中からアプリオリを指向した人工言語に見られる。アプリオリを指向するようになった際、アポステリオリな要素は消されるが、その人工言語に深く根付いてしまってユーザーに馴染み深いアポステリオリな要素は事実上消せない。するとその人工言語は偽性アプリオリになる。

カルディアはメル暦という暦を使い、アルカで「あけましておめでとうございます」はmelkaと言うが、この言葉は感動詞であり、アルシェに始まり今やセレンと面識のないネットユーザーまでもが使っている。
melkaはメルというアルカユーザーの名から来ている言葉で、アルカにmelという人名由来の言葉がかなりある。ではこのメルというナは何から来ているのかというと、彼女の本名であるMelissaの略から来ている。Melissaはアポステリオリな単語で、そこから来ているmelもアポステリオリになる。しかし今更melkaなどを別の言葉に置き換えるのはユーザー側が容認しない。それゆえアルカは偽性アプリオリとなった。
melの他、ridiaの略形のdia、liiza（元をたどるとLisa→Elizabethに遡る）、xyon、xion（セレンの女版の和名）など、人名由来の形態素が主に偽性アプリオリを作っている。

アルカのアプリオリ性が完全でなく特に人名由来の単語が危ういと初めて指摘したのはKakisで、00年代後半のことである。
アルカの偽性アプリオリ性は架空のキャラにまで及んでいる。アルカでセーラー服はleinsだが、これの元々の語源はleinsabで、「『玲音の書』でlein yutiaが来ていたシオンの服」というところから来ている。そしてこのleinというキャラの名は”Serial experiments lain”というアニメの主人公、岩倉玲音から来ている。ゆえにleinsも厳密に言えばアポステリオリである。

Perverse

作者:

Perverse

Category: Individual Theory

Those who make examples which are against theories, statistics, trends (tides) intentionally with malice. It is one of the reasons why linguists usually won’t study Conlinguistics.
Linguistics has revealed that SVO and SOV are more favored than the other basic word orders. There are several theories about the number of languages in the world; e.g. around 5000 languages. If conlangers make 10 thousand instant conlangs which have OSV, the effort of linguists on linguistic typology will be in vain. And linguists hate it.
In 2013, an Arka supporter boosted how Arka’s vocabulary was large, then a conlanger (strictly speaking, a troll) who hates Arka found it upsetting and made a conlang named オーレー語 (Ōrē language). It comes from a Japanese word ore (I). He automatically made random words with his PC, related them to articles on Wikipedia mechanically and insisted he had made 100 thousand words. The words are, of course, not a word but just an address to an article on Wikipedia, so the anonymous troll ended in being humiliated. What he wanted to do was to criticize Arka badly with malice against Arka’s fame or trends in Japanese conlanging world. And he is a good example of perverse.

Check Over (CO)

作者:

Check Over (CO)

Category: Modifying Theory, Phenomenon Theory

To check over dictionaries or web sites from scratch. Revision is often accompanied by Check Over. The larger conlangs’ vocabulary, the more conlangs spend labor for check over. It takes only a few days for check over if the conlangs’ vocabulary is around 3000, but it take a few months for check over if the conlangs’ vocabulary is large like Arka; Arka has a thick dictionary and around 20000 words. So the larger the vocabulary, the less favored check over.
It is just a modification to search words including a morpheme which changed and to modify the words. When an Arka word pal which meant white was changed into fir, I searched all the words which include pal and modify them. It is an example of check over.

Natural Influencer (NI)

作者:

Natural Influencer (NI)

Category: Environment Theory

Natural influencers which influence most conlangers when they make conlangs. Languages in developed countries, languages with many users and old languages which greatly influenced the present-day languages in developed countries are natural influencers e.g. English, French, German, Spanish, Greek, Latin, Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic.
Conlanging is a kind of refined and intelligent works. So people who can do conlanging are usually a learned person and often have enough time to make conlangs. Palestinian refugees usually don’t have enough time and money to make conlangs. They are doing their best only to live. However, under such terrible conditions, some children might make code-like conlangs for pleasure, but their conlangs are no more than cipher.
Conlangs are not ubiquitous in the world. Most conlangs are unevenly distributed, with most in rich countries like USA, England, France, Germany, Japan and so on. It is much easier to find a conlang in Japan than to find one in Benin, Africa.
And it means most conlangers are unevenly distributed, with most in Europe, America, Japan and so on. Most conlangers are comparatively intelligent and have knowledge of natural languages to some extent. They often have knowledge of English, French, German, Spanish, Greek, Latin, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, and so on to some extent, but they hardly have more knowledge of Frisian, Faroese, Polynesian languages, Micronesian languages and languages in Africa than of English. It means knowledge of natural languages which conlangers have is unbalanced in the world.
Knowledge of natural influencers always influence conlangers when they make conlangs, so every conlang is influenced by similar natural languages. Natural languages which influence most conlangs or conlangers are natural influencers.
The fact that many conlangs are SVO and nominative-accusative is related to the natural influencer list above (from English to Arabic and so), think I.
The reason why the knowledge of natural languages of conlangers is unbalanced is it is harder to get information on minor languages like Bantu languages than on major languages like English, French, German on the Net or books. If conlangers will avoid the influence from natural influencers intentionally, it is hard for them to get information about minor languages, and they usually end in being influenced by natural influencers.

Coinagemania

作者:

Coinagemania

Category: Phenomenon Theory, Individual Theory

A habit that conlangers coin words personally in languages except their own conlangs, especially in their mother tongue. It is an often-observed habit among conlangers. The most common act among conlangers is to coin original terms for parts of speech or grammar. E.g. Arka has a word, caser (格詞kakushi in Japanese) which expresses a case of a noun to a verb, but caser and 格詞 are just a Seren’s coinage. It is of course to name the concept “pea” with Arka in Arka, but it is not of course to coin caser or 格詞 without translating “pea” into existing words like preposition or 前置詞 (zenchishi). It is an example of a coinagemania.

Inverse Proportion between Business and Elaborateness (IPBE)

作者:

Inverse Proportion between Business and Elaborateness (IPBE)

Category: Phenomenon Theory

Phenomena that elaborateness of conlangs or conworlds and possibility on business of conlangs are often in inverse proportion. It is an often-observed phenomenon especially for ART.
If conlangers get Contentism, they ultimately end in failure. It is not possible for a conlanger to make various contents by himself as well as a professional. And if he outsources the production to experts for high quality, it costs a fortune. Then he thinks “I wish a company use my conlang and conworld”. But well-made conlangs or conworlds themselves are already an original work, so companies can’t have room for making some alterations to the conlangs or conworlds. Conlangs (especially, for ART & IMG) already have a background world and the world might be against the contents which the companies want to make. Plus, it is usually hard for conlangers whose main occupation is conlanging to make attractive (well-selling) conworlds. Their conlangs aren’t usually suitable for business. (cf. 『紫苑の書』)
On the other hand, companies which can make good contents don’t know how to make conlangs well. They should ask conlangers to make good ones, but it takes a long time to make elaborate conlangs and the companies can’t wait because of a deadline and budget. So employees of the companies or subcontractors often make instant conlangs and say “That’s it” like beginners of conlanging do. Customers of the companies are an ordinary person and don’t care about elaborateness of conlangs, so instant conlangs are enough for them. E.g. Al Bhed language of “Final Fantasy X”.

There’re some conlangs and conworlds with good elaborateness which sold well like Elvish languages in The Lord of the Rings and Klingon language of Star Trek. In such cases, conlangs are usually just spice of the contents at first, and later (after the contents become famous), the conlangs are made elaborately afresh.

Contentism

作者:

Contentism

Category: Individual Theory, Phenomenon Theory

Acts that conlangers make contents with their conlangs or conworlds desperately to achieve fame. They are common among ART. Seren was a typical example from 2003 to 2013.
Generally speaking, many contents lead to increase of users, make conlangs or conworlds better known. For the history of conlanging, “the fact that a conlanger made contents (e.g. novel, manga, and movie) with his conlang first in world history” is a steady milestone and a solid evidence so that it is a chance for forerunners to go down in the history of conlanging. Besides, contents themselves work as teaching materials, record of being used, and corpus of the conlangs. So, it is not harmful to make contents.
However, some conlangers waste time in making various contents like illustration, music, programming, being in a rush to win fame, though their main occupation is conlanging. Such conlangers can’t concentrate on making their conlangs.
If a conlanger make various contents by himself, the quality of each content isn’t good. And if he outsources the production to experts, then it costs a fortune.

Revision

作者:

Revision

Category: Phenomenon Theory

The phenomena that conlangs or conworlds change drastically. According to records, Seren coined the term when he was working on Arka (cf. 『アルカ』). Later, in 2015, Deneb, a Japanese conlanger, recoined the term as garari (drastically).
The main factors which suppress revisions are the age of conlangs and the number of users who use the conlangs. The younger the conlangs, the more frequent the revisions. Conlangs with many users are hard to be revised. Revisions make the users remember things again. Remembering again is not favored by the creator himself, but it’s rather troublesome for the other people. So, revisions are hard to happen if there’re many users of the conlangs.
Revisions have risks; factions within the users, there’re risks that users who don’t accept the revision use the former conlang while the other users who accept the revision use the revised conlang. Even if a conlang isn’t separated into 2 conlangs, there’s still a risk that another faction is born. Arka was revised by 2008 because of an Arka user, Enna Vajo. The revision made 2 factions (the original Arka and the new Arka). So Seren integrated them in 2008.
Why do revisions happen though they have risks? A reason is that conlangers want to change the specification of their conlangs even if they run a risk. E.g. a case where they want to change the alignment of their conlangs from nominative-accusative into ergative-absolutive or active-stative. Younger conlangs with fewer users are likely to run such a risk.
Another reason is that the users are inconvenienced in using the conlangs and change the specification. It is a practical change. Conlangs which are used for a long time tend to accept it. As mentioned above, Arka was revised in 2008 because of a user, Enna Vajo.
Some conlangers allow revisions of Esperanto, so many conlangs were born from Esperanto.